Markup language & JSON
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Wikipedia
Markup language refers to a text-encoding system consisting of a set of symbols inserted in a text document to control its structure, formatting, or the relationship between its parts. Markup is often used to control the display of the document or to enrich its content to facilitate automated processing. A markup language is a set of rules governing what markup information may be included in a document and how it is combined with the content of the document in a way to facilitate use by humans and computer programs. The idea and terminology evolved from the “marking up” of paper manuscripts (i.e., the revision instructions by editors), which is traditionally written with a red pen or blue pencil on authors’ manuscripts.
Older markup languages, which typically focus on typography and presentation, include troff, TeX and LaTeX. Scribe and most modern markup languages, for example XML, identify document components (for example headings, paragraphs, and tables), with the expectation that technology such as style sheets will be used to apply formatting or other processing.
Some markup languages, such as the widely used HTML, have pre-defined presentation semantics, meaning that their specification prescribes some aspects of how to present the structured data on particular media. HTML, like DocBook, Open eBook, JATS and many others, is based on the markup meta-languages SGML and XML. That is, SGML and XML allow designers to specify particular schemas, which determine which elements, attributes, and other features are permitted, and where.
One extremely important characteristic of most markup languages is that they allow intermingling markup with document content such as text and pictures. For example, if a few words in a sentence need to be emphasized, or identified as a proper name, defined term, or other special item, the markup may be inserted between the characters of the sentence. This is quite different structurally from traditional databases, where it is by definition impossible to have data that is within a record but not within any field. Furthermore, markup for human-readable texts must maintain ordering: it would not suffice to make each paragraph of a book into a “paragraph” record, where those records do not maintain order.
The noun markup is derived from the traditional publishing practice called “marking up” a manuscript, which involves adding handwritten annotations in the form of conventional symbolic printer’s instructions — in the margins and the text of a paper or a printed manuscript.
For centuries, this task was done primarily by skilled typographers known as “markup men” or “d markers” who marked up text to indicate what typeface, style, and size should be applied to each part, and then passed the manuscript to others for typesetting by hand or machine.
Markup was also commonly applied by editors, proofreaders, publishers, and graphic designers, and indeed by document authors, all of whom might also mark other things, such as corrections, changes, etc.
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation, pronounced /ˈdʒeɪsən/; also /ˈdʒeɪˌsɒn/) is an open standard file format and data interchange format that uses human-readable text to store and transmit data objects consisting of attribute–value pairs and arrays (or other serializable values). It is a common data format with diverse uses in electronic data interchange, including that of web applications with servers.
JSON is a language-independent data format. It was derived from JavaScript, but many modern programming languages include code to generate and parse JSON-format data. JSON filenames use the extension .json. Any valid JSON file is a valid JavaScript (.js) file, even though it makes no changes to a web page on its own.
Douglas Crockford originally specified the JSON format in the early 2000s. He and Chip Morningstar sent the first JSON message in April 2001.
The acronym originated at State Software, a company co-founded by Douglas Crockford and others in March 2013.
The 2017 international standard (ECMA-404 and ISO/IEC 21778:2017) specifies “Pronounced /ˈdʒeɪ.sən/, as in ‘Jason and The Argonauts'”. The first (2013) edition of ECMA-404 did not address the pronunciation. The UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook states that “Douglas Crockford, who named and promoted the JSON format, says it’s pronounced like the name Jason. But somehow, ‘JAY-sawn’ seems to have become more common in the technical community.” Crockford said in 2011, “There’s a lot of argument about how you pronounce that, but I strictly don’t care.”
After RFC 4627 had been available as its “informational” specification since 2006, JSON was first standardized in 2013, as ECMA-404. RFC 8259, published in 2017, is the current version of the Internet Standard STD 90, and it remains consistent with ECMA-404. That same year, JSON was also standardized as ISO/IEC 21778:2017. The ECMA and ISO/IEC standards describe only the allowed syntax, whereas the RFC covers some security and interoperability considerations.