Basics of Computer Networks Innovation

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Basics of Computer Networks Innovation

Understanding the basics of computer networks is fundamental in today’s connected world. Computer networks enable the exchange of data and resources, and they are the foundation of the internet. Innovations in computer networking have transformed the way we communicate, work, and access information. Here, we’ll explore the basics of computer networks and some of the innovations in this field.

Basics of Computer Networks

  1. What is a Computer Network?
    • A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices (computers, servers, routers, switches) that can communicate and share resources. These networks can be local (LAN), wide area (WAN), or global (the internet).
  2. Key Network Components:
    • Nodes: Devices connected to the network, such as computers and printers.
    • Links: The physical or logical connections that allow data to flow between nodes.
    • Routers and Switches: Devices that direct data traffic within a network.
    • Protocols: Rules and conventions that govern data communication.
  3. Types of Networks:
    • LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small geographic area, like a home, office, or campus.
    • WAN (Wide Area Network): Spans larger areas and may connect multiple LANs.
    • Internet: The largest WAN, connecting networks globally.
  4. Network Topologies:
    • Common topologies include bus, star, ring, and mesh, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.

Innovations in Computer Networks

  1. Packet-Switching:
    • The concept of breaking data into packets for transmission revolutionized data networks. The ARPANET (precursor to the internet) used packet-switching to enable robust and efficient data transfer.
  2. TCP/IP Protocol Suite:
    • The development of the TCP/IP protocol suite standardized communication over the internet, ensuring interoperability and reliability.
  3. Ethernet and LANs:
    • Ethernet technology enabled the creation of LANs, transforming the way local networks operate and communicate.
  4. Wireless Networks:
    • Wi-Fi technology allowed for wireless networking, providing mobility and convenience. 4G and 5G networks further revolutionized wireless communication.
  5. Cloud Computing:
    • The cloud is a network of servers that offer computing resources over the internet. It has reshaped how businesses and individuals store and access data and applications.
  6. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs):
    • VPNs use encrypted connections to secure data transmission over public networks, providing privacy and security for remote workers and businesses.
  7. Internet of Things (IoT):
    • IoT connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling data collection and automation on a massive scale. Innovations in IoT have transformed industries like healthcare, agriculture, and smart cities.
  8. Software-Defined Networking (SDN):
    • SDN separates the control plane from the data plane in network devices, making networks more flexible and easier to manage.
  9. Blockchain Technology:
    • Originally designed for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, blockchain technology is now being used for secure, transparent, and tamper-proof record-keeping in various applications.
  10. Edge Computing:
    • Edge computing processes data closer to the data source, reducing latency and enabling real-time decision-making in applications like autonomous vehicles and industrial automation.
  11. 5G Technology:
    • The fifth generation of mobile networks, 5G offers faster data transfer, lower latency, and greater connectivity, enabling innovations in augmented reality, virtual reality, and autonomous systems.
  12. IPv6 Adoption:
    • The transition to IPv6 is crucial to accommodate the growing number of internet-connected devices and ensure the long-term sustainability of the internet.

Understanding these basics of computer networks and being aware of ongoing innovations in the field is essential for anyone working with technology, as it underpins our increasingly interconnected world. As technology continues to evolve, so will the innovations in computer networks, shaping the future of communication and data exchange.

What is required Basics of Computer Networks Innovation

To gain a basic understanding of computer networks and their innovations, you’ll need a combination of knowledge, skills, and resources. Here’s what’s required:

  1. Basic Knowledge of Networking:
    • Familiarize yourself with fundamental networking concepts, such as network types (LAN, WAN, Internet), topologies, protocols, and the OSI model.
  2. Understanding of Data Transmission:
    • Learn how data is transmitted over networks, including the concepts of packets, IP addressing, and the role of routers and switches.
  3. Networking Hardware and Devices:
    • Understand the purpose and functionality of key networking devices, such as routers, switches, hubs, and network cables.
  4. Internet and Protocols:
    • Gain knowledge about the history and structure of the internet, as well as common network protocols like TCP/IP.
  5. Security Fundamentals:
    • Learn the basics of network security, including firewalls, encryption, and authentication methods.
  6. Wireless Networking:
    • Explore the principles of Wi-Fi, how wireless networks function, and the importance of security in wireless connections.
  7. Cloud Computing and IoT:
    • Understand how cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) are shaping the modern network landscape.
  8. Emerging Technologies:
    • Stay updated on emerging technologies, such as 5G, software-defined networking (SDN), and edge computing, and their impact on networks.
  9. Hands-On Practice:
    • Practical experience is essential. Set up a small network at home, configure routers, and experiment with network settings to apply your knowledge.
  10. Online Courses and Tutorials:
    • Enroll in online courses or watch tutorials on platforms like Coursera, edX, and YouTube to deepen your understanding.
  11. Books and Documentation:
    • Read networking books and official documentation for specific technologies or protocols to gain in-depth knowledge.
  12. Networking Tools:
    • Familiarize yourself with network diagnostic and management tools like Wireshark, Ping, and Traceroute.
  13. Certifications:
    • Consider pursuing networking certifications like CompTIA Network+, Cisco CCNA, or Juniper JNCIA to validate your skills.
  14. Join Online Communities:
    • Participate in networking forums and communities to ask questions, share experiences, and learn from experts in the field.
  15. Stay Informed:
    • Regularly follow technology news and blogs to stay updated on the latest networking innovations and trends.
  16. Experiment and Innovate:
    • Use your knowledge to experiment with network configurations and consider innovative solutions for networking challenges.
  17. Collaboration and Networking:
    • Collaborate with peers and professionals in the field to exchange ideas, discuss innovations, and gain insights.
  18. Professional Development:
    • If you’re pursuing a career in networking, consider networking-related job positions or internships to gain practical experience.

The required resources and knowledge may vary depending on your specific goals and interests within the field of computer networks. Building a strong foundation in networking basics is the first step to understanding and contributing to innovations in this ever-evolving domain.

Who is required Basics of Computer Networks Innovation

Various individuals and professionals benefit from having a foundational understanding of computer networks and innovations in this field. Here’s who might find it valuable to have knowledge of the basics of computer networks and network innovations:

  1. IT Professionals:
    • Network administrators, system administrators, and IT support staff require a solid understanding of computer networks to maintain and troubleshoot network infrastructure.
  2. Network Engineers:
    • Network engineers design, implement, and manage network systems. They need a deep understanding of networking concepts and innovations to optimize network performance and security.
  3. Web Developers and Programmers:
    • Understanding network basics is important for web developers and programmers who build and maintain web applications and services that rely on network communication.
  4. Cybersecurity Specialists:
    • Cybersecurity experts need to understand network protocols, vulnerabilities, and threats to protect networks from cyberattacks and data breaches.
  5. Students and Aspiring Professionals:
    • Students studying computer science, information technology, or related fields can benefit from a foundation in computer networking, as it’s a fundamental skill in the industry.
  6. Entrepreneurs and Small Business Owners:
    • Entrepreneurs and small business owners should have a basic understanding of computer networks to make informed decisions about their business’s technology infrastructure.
  7. General Tech Enthusiasts:
    • Anyone with an interest in technology and innovation can benefit from understanding computer networks, as it’s a cornerstone of modern digital ecosystems.
  8. Educators and Trainers:
    • Educators who teach technology-related subjects and trainers who conduct workshops on IT topics should have a solid grasp of networking basics to effectively communicate concepts to their students or participants.
  9. Professionals in Non-Technical Roles:
    • Even professionals in non-technical roles, such as managers, marketers, and business analysts, can benefit from a basic understanding of computer networks to better grasp the implications of network-related innovations on their work.
  10. IoT Developers and Innovators:
    • Developers and innovators working on Internet of Things (IoT) projects need networking knowledge to connect and manage IoT devices.
  11. Startups and Tech Entrepreneurs:
    • Individuals starting technology-related startups or tech businesses need a foundational understanding of computer networks to design, develop, and maintain their products and services.
  12. Technology Enthusiasts and Hobbyists:
    • Individuals who have a general interest in technology and enjoy exploring innovations in the field can find value in learning about computer networks.

In today’s interconnected world, computer networking knowledge is relevant across various professions and industries. It provides the foundation for understanding and leveraging innovations that impact how we work, communicate, and interact in the digital landscape.

When is required Basics of Computer Networks Innovation

A foundational understanding of the basics of computer networks and network innovations is required in various situations and at different stages of one’s career or educational journey. Here are some scenarios when this knowledge is necessary:

  1. Early Education: Students pursuing degrees or certifications in computer science, information technology, or related fields typically start learning about the basics of computer networks during their formal education.
  2. IT and Networking Courses: Individuals taking specific IT and networking courses, such as CompTIA Network+ or Cisco CCNA, will require this knowledge as part of their curriculum.
  3. Career Entry: When entering IT or networking professions, professionals should have a solid understanding of network fundamentals as they start their careers as network administrators, system administrators, or support staff.
  4. Network Engineering and Design: Network engineers and architects need a deep understanding of networking concepts and innovations to design and maintain complex network systems.
  5. Cybersecurity Training: Cybersecurity specialists require knowledge of computer networks to protect network infrastructure from cyber threats.
  6. Web Development and Programming: Web developers and programmers need to understand network basics when building web applications that rely on network communication.
  7. IoT Development: Developers and innovators working on Internet of Things (IoT) projects require network knowledge to connect and manage IoT devices.
  8. Business Decision-Making: Entrepreneurs, small business owners, and managers should have a foundational understanding of computer networks to make informed decisions about technology investments.
  9. Technology-Related Roles: Professionals in roles related to technology, innovation, or digital transformation may need network knowledge to effectively contribute to their organizations.
  10. Tech Enthusiasts and Hobbyists: Individuals interested in technology and innovation can learn about computer networks to stay updated on the latest developments and innovations in the field.
  11. Continuous Learning: As technology and networking continue to evolve, professionals in the field need to stay updated on the latest innovations and trends, making ongoing learning and knowledge of network innovations a requirement.

In summary, the requirement for understanding the basics of computer networks and network innovations can vary based on career goals, educational pursuits, and job responsibilities. It’s a foundational skill in the field of information technology and plays a crucial role in many technology-related professions.

Where is required Basics of Computers Networks Innovation

Understanding the basics of computer networks and innovations in this field is required in various settings and locations where technology and networking play a crucial role. Here are some specific contexts where this knowledge is essential:

  1. Educational Institutions:
    • Schools, colleges, and universities offer courses and programs that teach the basics of computer networks and innovations in technology. This knowledge is required for students pursuing degrees in computer science, information technology, or related fields.
  2. IT Training Centers:
    • Training centers and institutes specializing in IT and networking education provide courses and certifications that require a foundational understanding of computer networks.
  3. Workplaces and Offices:
    • IT professionals, network administrators, and employees in technology-related roles need to understand computer networks to effectively manage and troubleshoot network infrastructure within their organizations.
  4. Data Centers:
    • Data center facilities that house servers and network equipment require knowledgeable staff to maintain and manage network infrastructure, ensuring high availability and reliability.
  5. Network Operations Centers (NOCs):
    • NOCs, responsible for monitoring and managing network operations, employ experts with strong network knowledge to address issues and maintain network performance.
  6. Technology Companies:
    • Companies in the technology and networking industry, including networking equipment manufacturers and software developers, require professionals who understand computer networks for product development and support.
  7. Cybersecurity Firms:
    • Cybersecurity firms hire experts with network knowledge to protect client networks from cyber threats and vulnerabilities.
  8. Web Development and Software Companies:
    • Organizations involved in web development and software development rely on employees who understand network fundamentals to create web applications and software that depend on network communication.
  9. IoT Development Companies:
    • Companies focused on IoT development require expertise in networking to connect and manage IoT devices, sensors, and gateways.
  10. Telecommunications Providers:
    • Telecommunications companies need network experts to manage their vast communication networks, including wired and wireless infrastructure.
  11. Startups and Tech Hubs:
    • Emerging technology startups and tech innovation hubs often require network knowledge to develop and launch new products and services.
  12. Remote and Distributed Work Environments:
    • As remote work becomes more common, employees working from various locations need to understand network connectivity and issues related to remote access and virtual private networks (VPNs).
  13. Public Institutions and Government Agencies:
    • Government agencies and public institutions rely on network professionals to manage and secure their network infrastructure, which is essential for public services and data management.
  14. Tech Conferences and Seminars:
    • Events related to technology and networking often feature sessions and workshops that require attendees to have a basic understanding of computer networks and innovations.
  15. Online Learning Platforms:
    • Online courses, e-learning platforms, and educational websites offer resources for individuals seeking to learn about computer networks and innovations in an online environment.

In summary, the requirement for knowledge of the basics of computer networks and network innovations is prevalent in various settings, including educational institutions, workplaces, technology companies, data centers, and telecommunications providers. This knowledge is essential for a wide range of technology-related professions and industries.

How is required Basics of Computer Networks Innovation

Understanding the basics of computer networks and innovations in this field is necessary for various reasons, and the “how” of acquiring this knowledge involves specific methods and approaches. Here’s how to acquire the required understanding of computer networks and their innovations:

  1. Formal Education: Enroll in formal educational programs such as computer science, information technology, or network engineering degrees or certifications. These programs provide structured curriculum to build a solid foundation in network basics and innovations.
  2. Online Courses: Many online learning platforms offer courses in computer networking and related topics. Platforms like Coursera, edX, and Udemy provide access to both free and paid courses.
  3. Textbooks and Study Materials: Invest in textbooks and study materials that cover the basics of computer networks. Look for recommended books in areas such as networking fundamentals and network security.
  4. Networking Certifications: Pursue networking certifications such as CompTIA Network+, Cisco CCNA, or Juniper JNCIA. These certifications provide comprehensive training and often require passing an exam to demonstrate your knowledge.
  5. Networking Forums and Communities: Join online forums, discussion groups, and communities focused on computer networking. Participate in discussions, ask questions, and learn from experienced professionals and enthusiasts.
  6. Video Tutorials: Platforms like YouTube offer a wealth of video tutorials and educational channels that explain networking concepts, making it easier to grasp complex topics visually.
  7. Hands-On Experience: Practice setting up and configuring networks. Building a home lab with networking equipment can provide valuable hands-on experience.
  8. Networking Simulators: Use network simulation software such as Cisco Packet Tracer or GNS3 to experiment with network configurations and learn how different network components function.
  9. Tech Blogs and News Sites: Stay informed about the latest networking innovations by following technology blogs, news websites, and publications that cover networking trends and developments.
  10. Professional Networking Events: Attend conferences, seminars, and networking events in your area. These events often feature expert speakers and workshops on networking topics.
  11. Collaboration and Projects: Collaborate with peers and work on networking projects. Practical application of knowledge can deepen your understanding.
  12. Online Courses and Specializations: Enroll in comprehensive online courses and specializations offered by universities and institutions on platforms like Coursera, edX, and LinkedIn Learning.
  13. Networking Labs and Bootcamps: Some organizations and institutions offer networking labs and bootcamps that provide intensive training in a short period.
  14. Mentorship: Seek a mentor who is an experienced network professional to guide you, answer questions, and provide insights into real-world networking challenges.
  15. Stay Updated: Networking is a rapidly evolving field. Make a habit of staying updated with the latest developments, protocols, and innovations in networking.
  16. Networking Conferences: Attend networking conferences and industry events where you can learn about cutting-edge innovations and network with professionals in the field.
  17. Online Learning Platforms: Explore massive open online courses (MOOCs) and learning platforms that offer networking courses from universities and institutions worldwide.
  18. Podcasts: Listen to technology and networking podcasts that discuss trends, innovations, and best practices in the field.

By utilizing these methods and resources, you can acquire the knowledge and skills required to understand the basics of computer networks and stay informed about the latest innovations in this dynamic and critical field.

Case Study on Basics of Computer Networks Innovation

While I cannot provide real-time or specific case studies, I can outline a hypothetical case study on the basics of computer networks and innovation to illustrate the importance of networking knowledge in a real-world context.

Case Study: Improving Network Efficiency at XYZ Corporation

Background: XYZ Corporation is a medium-sized manufacturing company with multiple facilities across the country. They have been facing challenges in their network infrastructure, which hampers communication, data transfer, and overall operational efficiency. The company decides to invest in network improvements and innovations to address these issues.

Challenges:

  1. Network Congestion: The existing network infrastructure experiences congestion during peak hours, causing delays in data transfer and communication among different departments.
  2. Security Concerns: The company has experienced security breaches and data leaks due to vulnerabilities in the network infrastructure.
  3. Remote Work Transition: With the growing trend of remote work, the company needs a more robust and secure network to support remote employees.

Solution: XYZ Corporation decides to address these challenges with the following network innovations:

  1. Upgrading Network Hardware:
    • The company invests in modern networking hardware, including high-capacity routers and switches to eliminate congestion issues.
  2. Implementing Virtual Private Network (VPN):
    • To secure remote work connections, the company deploys a VPN that encrypts data transmitted between remote employees and the corporate network.
  3. Network Monitoring and Management Tools:
    • XYZ Corporation adopts network monitoring tools to track network performance, identify and address issues in real-time, and ensure optimal network operation.
  4. Firewall and Intrusion Detection System (IDS):
    • The company strengthens network security with a robust firewall and intrusion detection system to protect against cyber threats.
  5. Improved Wireless Network:
    • Recognizing the need for a reliable wireless network, the company upgrades its Wi-Fi infrastructure, providing seamless connectivity within the office premises.
  6. Employee Training:
    • The IT department conducts training sessions to educate employees about best practices for network security and responsible network usage.

Results: Following the implementation of these network innovations, XYZ Corporation experiences several positive outcomes:

  1. Improved Network Efficiency: Network congestion issues are resolved, and employees can work more efficiently, leading to increased productivity.
  2. Enhanced Security: The network is more secure, with fewer security breaches and data leaks.
  3. Seamless Remote Work: Remote employees have reliable and secure access to corporate resources, facilitating remote work arrangements.
  4. Reduced Downtime: Network monitoring tools help prevent network downtime by identifying and resolving issues proactively.
  5. Employee Empowerment: Training sessions empower employees to contribute to network security and responsible network usage.

In this hypothetical case study, the company’s investment in network innovations and improvements resulted in enhanced efficiency, security, and adaptability to the changing work environment. This illustrates the real-world relevance and impact of networking knowledge and innovations on the performance of an organization.

White Paper on Basics of Computer Networks Innovation

Creating a white paper on the basics of computer networks and innovations in networking is a comprehensive undertaking that requires a structured approach. A white paper typically provides in-depth information, analysis, and insights into a specific topic. Below is an outline for a white paper on this subject:

Title: Innovations in Computer Networks: Understanding the Basics

Abstract:

  • A brief summary of the white paper’s contents and its importance.

Table of Contents:

  1. Introduction
    • Overview of the importance of computer networks and innovations in the digital age.
  2. Understanding the Basics of Computer Networks
    • Definition of computer networks.
    • Historical development of computer networks.
    • Importance of network architecture and protocols.
  3. Network Topologies and Components
    • Explanation of common network topologies (bus, star, ring, etc.).
    • Overview of network components (routers, switches, hubs, etc.).
    • Introduction to the OSI model and its layers.
  4. Networking Protocols and Standards
    • Explanation of key networking protocols, including TCP/IP.
    • Discussion of network standards and their role in ensuring compatibility.
  5. Local Area Networks (LANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs)
    • Distinction between LANs and WANs.
    • Examples of LAN and WAN technologies.
    • Importance of LAN and WAN design in networking.
  6. Network Security and Innovations
    • Overview of network security challenges.
    • Discussion of network security innovations, including firewalls, encryption, and intrusion detection.
  7. Wireless Networking and Wi-Fi
    • Explanation of wireless network principles.
    • Introduction to Wi-Fi technology.
    • Emerging innovations in wireless networking.
  8. Cloud Computing and Its Impact on Networks
    • Understanding cloud computing and its role in modern networking.
    • How cloud services influence network design and management.
  9. Internet of Things (IoT) and Networking
    • Introduction to IoT and its impact on network infrastructure.
    • Innovations in IoT connectivity and communication.
  10. Software-Defined Networking (SDN)
    • Explanation of SDN concepts and benefits.
    • Role of SDN in network management and flexibility.
  11. Emerging Network Technologies
    • Overview of technologies like 5G, edge computing, and blockchain in networking.
    • Discussion of their potential applications and impact.
  12. Case Studies of Network Innovations
    • Real-world examples of organizations benefiting from network innovations.
  13. Importance of Networking Education
    • The role of education and certifications in building networking expertise.
    • Recommended resources for learning networking.
  14. Conclusion
    • Recap of the significance of understanding network basics and innovations.
    • The evolving nature of networking and the need for continuous learning.
  15. References
    • Citations and sources used in the white paper.

Appendix:

  • Glossary of networking terms and acronyms.

Creating a white paper on this topic will involve thorough research, data gathering, and the use of authoritative sources. You should aim to provide a balanced view of the basics of computer networks and the impact of innovations in this field. The white paper should serve as an educational resource for individuals seeking to understand and stay updated on the fundamentals and innovations in computer networking.

Books :

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  36. ^ Davies, Donald Watts (1979). Computer networks and their protocols. Internet Archive. Wiley. pp. See page refs highlighted at url. ISBN 978-0-471-99750-4. In mathematical modelling use is made of the theories of queueing processes and of flows in networks, describing the performance of the network in a set of equations. … The analytic method has been used with success by Kleinrock and others, but only if important simplifying assumptions are made. … It is heartening in Kleinrock’s work to see the good correspondence achieved between the results of analytic methods and those of simulation.
  37. ^ Davies, Donald Watts (1979). Computer networks and their protocols. Internet Archive. Wiley. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-471-99750-4. Hierarchical addressing systems for network routing have been proposed by Fultz and, in greater detail, by McQuillan. A recent very full analysis may be found in Kleinrock and Kamoun.
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  103. ^ Pelkey, James L. “6.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969”. Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988. As Kahn recalls: … Paul Baran’s contributions … I also think Paul was motivated almost entirely by voice considerations. If you look at what he wrote, he was talking about switches that were low-cost electronics. The idea of putting powerful computers in these locations hadn’t quite occurred to him as being cost effective. So the idea of computer switches was missing. The whole notion of protocols didn’t exist at that time. And the idea of computer-to-computer communications was really a secondary concern.
  104. ^ Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018). The Dream Machine. Stripe Press. p. 286. ISBN 978-1-953953-36-0. Baran had put more emphasis on digital voice communications than on computer communications.
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  106. ^ Naughton, John (2000) [1999]. A Brief History of the Future. Phoenix. p. 292. ISBN 9780753810934.
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  111. ^ “The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable”. Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2015-05-30. Retrieved 2020-02-18. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran
  112. ^ Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). “The Evolution of Packet Switching” (PDF). IEEE Invited Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2017. In nearly all respects, Davies’ original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today.
  113. ^ Norberg, Arthur L.; O’Neill, Judy E. (1996). Transforming computer technology: information processing for the Pentagon, 1962-1986. Johns Hopkins studies in the history of technology New series. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. pp. 153–196. ISBN 978-0-8018-5152-0. Prominently cites Baran and Davies as sources of inspiration.
  114. ^ A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade (PDF) (Report). Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981. pp. 13, 53 of 183 (III-11 on the printed copy). Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Aside from the technical problems of interconnecting computers with communications circuits, the notion of computer networks had been considered in a number of places from a theoretical point of view. Of particular note was work done by Paul Baran and others at the Rand Corporation in a study “On Distributed Communications” in the early 1960’s. Also of note was work done by Donald Davies and others at the National Physical Laboratory in England in the mid-1960’s. … Another early major network development which affected development of the ARPANET was undertaken at the National Physical Laboratory in Middlesex, England, under the leadership of D. W. Davies.
  115. ^ Chris Sutton. “Internet Began 35 Years Ago at UCLA with First Message Ever Sent Between Two Computers”. UCLA. Archived from the original on 2008-03-08.
  116. ^ Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). “The evolution of packet switching” (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 66 (11): 1307–13. doi:10.1109/PROC.1978.11141. S2CID 26876676. Significant aspects of the network’s internal operation, such as routing, flow control, software design, and network control were developed by a BBN team consisting of Frank Heart, Robert Kahn, Severo Omstein, William Crowther, and David Walden
  117. ^ F.E. Froehlich, A. Kent (1990). The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 1 – Access Charges in the U.S.A. to Basics of Digital Communications. CRC Press. p. 344. ISBN 0824729005. Although there was considerable technical interchange between the NPL group and those who designed and implemented the ARPANET, the NPL Data Network effort appears to have had little fundamental impact on the design of ARPANET. Such major aspects of the NPL Data Network design as the standard network interface, the routing algorithm, and the software structure of the switching node were largely ignored by the ARPANET designers. There is no doubt, however, that in many less fundamental ways the NPL Data Network had and effect on the design and evolution of the ARPANET.
  118. ^ Heart, F.; McKenzie, A.; McQuillian, J.; Walden, D. (January 4, 1978). Arpanet Completion Report (PDF) (Technical report). Burlington, MA: Bolt, Beranek and Newman.
  119. ^ Clarke, Peter (1982). Packet and circuit-switched data networks (PDF) (PhD thesis). Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London. “Many of the theoretical studies of the performance and design of the ARPA Network were developments of earlier work by Kleinrock … Although these works concerned message switching networks, they were the basis for a lot of the ARPA network investigations … The intention of the work of Kleinrock [in 1961] was to analyse the performance of store and forward networks, using as the primary performance measure the average message delay. … Kleinrock [in 1970] extended the theoretical approaches of [his 1961 work] to the early ARPA network.”
  120. ^ Davies, Donald Watts (1979). Computer networks and their protocols. Internet Archive. Wiley. pp. See page refs highlighted at url. ISBN 978-0-471-99750-4. In mathematical modelling use is made of the theories of queueing processes and of flows in networks, describing the performance of the network in a set of equations. … The analytic method has been used with success by Kleinrock and others, but only if important simplifying assumptions are made. … It is heartening in Kleinrock’s work to see the good correspondence achieved between the results of analytic methods and those of simulation.
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  202. ^ Jump up to:a b Stewart, Bill (2000-01-07). “Paul Baran Invents Packet Switching”. Living Internet. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
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  207. ^ Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018). The Dream Machine. Stripe Press. p. 286. ISBN 978-1-953953-36-0. Baran had put more emphasis on digital voice communications than on computer communications.
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  222. ^ Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (1996). Where wizards stay up late: the origins of the Internet. Internet Archive. Simon & Schuster. pp. 76–78. ISBN 978-0-684-81201-4. Roger Scantlebury … from Donald Davies’ team … presented a detailed design study for a packet switched network. It was the first Roberts had heard of it. … Roberts also learned from Scantlebury, for the first time, of the work that had been done by Paul Baran at RAND a few years earlier.
  223. ^ Moschovitis 1999, p. 58-9 More significantly, Roger Scantlebury … presents the design for a packet-switched network. This is the first Roberts and Taylor have heard of packet switching, a concept that appears to be a promising receipe for transmitting data through the ARPAnet.
  224. ^ Hempstead, C.; Worthington, W., eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology. Vol. 1, A–L. Routledge. p. 574. ISBN 9781135455514. It was a seminal meeting as the NPL proposal illustrated how the communications for such a resource-sharing computer network could be realized.
  225. ^ “On packet switching”. Net History. Retrieved 2024-01-08. [Scantlebury said] We referenced Baran’s paper in our 1967 Gatlinburg ACM paper. You will find it in the References. Therefore I am sure that we introduced Baran’s work to Larry (and hence the BBN guys).
  226. ^ Jump up to:a b Naughton, John (2015). A Brief History of the Future: The origins of the Internet. Hachette. ISBN 978-1474602778. they lacked one vital ingredient. Since none of them had heard of Paul Baran they had no serious idea of how to make the system work. And it took an English outfit to tell them. … Larry Roberts paper was the first public presentation of the ARPANET concept as conceived with the aid of Wesley Clark … Looking at it now, Roberts paper seems extraordinarily, well, vague.
  227. ^ Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018). The Dream Machine. Stripe Press. pp. 285–6. ISBN 978-1-953953-36-0. Scantlebury and his companions from the NPL group were happy to sit up with Roberts all that night, sharing technical details and arguing over the finer points.
  228. ^ Jump up to:a b c Abbate, Jane (2000). Inventing the Internet. MIT Press. pp. 37–8, 58–9. ISBN 978-0262261333. The NPL group influenced a number of American computer scientists in favor of the new technique, and they adopted Davies’s term “packet switching” to refer to this type of network. Roberts also adopted some specific aspects of the NPL design.
  229. ^ “Oral-History:Donald Davies & Derek Barber”. Retrieved 13 April 2016. the ARPA network is being implemented using existing telegraphic techniques simply because the type of network we describe does not exist. It appears that the ideas in the NPL paper at this moment are more advanced than any proposed in the USA
  230. ^ Barber, Derek (Spring 1993). “The Origins of Packet Switching”. The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society (5). ISSN 0958-7403. Retrieved 6 September 2017. Roger actually convinced Larry that what he was talking about was all wrong and that the way that NPL were proposing to do it was right. I’ve got some notes that say that first Larry was sceptical but several of the others there sided with Roger and eventually Larry was overwhelmed by the numbers.
  231. ^ Needham, Roger M. (2002-12-01). “Donald Watts Davies, C.B.E. 7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000”. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 48: 87–96. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0006. S2CID 72835589. Larry Roberts presented a paper on early ideas for what was to become ARPAnet. This was based on a store-and-forward method for entire messages, but as a result of that meeting the NPL work helped to convince Roberts that packet switching was the way forward.
  232. ^ Rayner, David; Barber, Derek; Scantlebury, Roger; Wilkinson, Peter (2001). NPL, Packet Switching and the Internet. Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001. Archived from the original on 2003-08-07. Retrieved 2024-06-13. The system first went ‘live’ early in 1969
  233. ^ Jump up to:a b John S, Quarterman; Josiah C, Hoskins (1986). “Notable computer networks”. Communications of the ACM. 29 (10): 932–971. doi:10.1145/6617.6618. S2CID 25341056. The first packet-switching network was implemented at the National Physical Laboratories in the United Kingdom. It was quickly followed by the ARPANET in 1969.
  234. ^ Jump up to:a b c Haughney Dare-Bryan, Christine (June 22, 2023). Computer Freaks (Podcast). Chapter Two: In the Air. Inc. Magazine. 35:55 minutes in. Leonard Kleinrock: Donald Davies … did make a single node packet switch before ARPA did
  235. ^ Jump up to:a b c C. Hempstead; W. Worthington (2005). Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology. Routledge. pp. 573–5. ISBN 9781135455514.
  236. ^ Campbell-Kelly, Martin (1987). “Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)”. Annals of the History of Computing. 9 (3/4): 221–247. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023. S2CID 8172150.
  237. ^ Jump up to:a b Needham, R. M. (2002). “Donald Watts Davies, C.B.E. 7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000”. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 48: 87–96. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0006. S2CID 72835589. The 1967 Gatlinburg paper was influential on the development of ARPAnet, which might otherwise have been built with less extensible technology. … Davies was invited to Japan to lecture on packet switching.
  238. ^ Clarke, Peter (1982). Packet and circuit-switched data networks (PDF) (PhD thesis). Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London. “As well as the packet switched network actually built at NPL for communication between their local computing facilities, some simulation experiments have been performed on larger networks. A summary of this work is reported in [69]. The work was carried out to investigate networks of a size capable of providing data communications facilities to most of the U.K. … Experiments were then carried out using a method of flow control devised by Davies [70] called ‘isarithmic’ flow control. … The simulation work carried out at NPL has, in many respects, been more realistic than most of the ARPA network theoretical studies.”
  239. ^ Pelkey, James. “6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971-1972”. Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968-1988. Archived from the original on 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  240. ^ Campbell-Kelly, Martin (Autumn 2008). “Pioneer Profiles: Donald Davies”. Computer Resurrection (44). ISSN 0958-7403.
  241. ^ Wilkinson, Peter (2001). NPL Development of Packet Switching. Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001. Archived from the original on 2003-08-07. Retrieved 2024-06-13. The feasibility studies continued with an attempt to apply queuing theory to study overall network performance. This proved to be intractable so we quickly turned to simulation.
  242. ^ Jump up to:a b Hafner, Katie (2018-12-30). “Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet’s Precursor, Dies at 81”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-02-20. He decided to use packet switching as the underlying technology of the Arpanet; it remains central to the function of the internet. And it was Dr. Roberts’s decision to build a network that distributed control of the network across multiple computers. Distributed networking remains another foundation of today’s internet.
  243. ^ Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018). The Dream Machine. Stripe Press. pp. 285–6. ISBN 978-1-953953-36-0. Oops. Roberts knew Baran slightly and had in fact had lunch with him during a visit to RAND the previous February. But he certainly didn’t remember any discussion of networks. How could he have missed something like that?
  244. ^ O’Neill, Judy (5 March 1990). “An Interview with PAUL BARAN” (PDF). p. 37. On Tuesday, 28 February 1967 I find a notation on my calendar for 12:00 noon Dr. L. Roberts.
  245. ^ Pelkey, James. “4.7 Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968 in Chapter 4 – Networking: Vision and Packet Switching 1959 – 1968”. The History of Computer Communications. Archived from the original on December 23, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  246. ^ Press, Gil (January 2, 2015). “A Very Short History Of The Internet And The Web”. Forbes. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved 2020-02-07. Roberts’ proposal that all host computers would connect to one another directly … was not endorsed … Wesley Clark … suggested to Roberts that the network be managed by identical small computers, each attached to a host computer. Accepting the idea, Roberts named the small computers dedicated to network administration ‘Interface Message Processors’ (IMPs), which later evolved into today’s routers.
  247. ^ SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings), Stanford University, 1967, archived from the original on February 2, 2020, retrieved 2020-02-15, W. Clark’s message switching proposal (appended to Taylor’s letter of April 24, 1967 to Engelbart)were reviewed.
  248. ^ Jump up to:a b Roberts, Lawrence (1967). “Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication” (PDF). Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communications. pp. 3.1–3.6. doi:10.1145/800001.811680. S2CID 17409102. Thus the set of IMP’s, plus the telephone lines and data sets would constitute a message switching network
  249. ^ Jump up to:a b c Tanenbaum, Andrew S.; Wetherall, David (2011). Computer networks (PDF) (5th ed.). Boston Amsterdam: Prentice Hall. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-13-212695-3. Roberts bought the idea and presented a some what vague paper about it at the ACM SIGOPS Symposium on Operating System Principles held in Gatlinburg, Tennessee in late 1967
  250. ^ Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018). The Dream Machine. Stripe Press. pp. 279, 284–5. ISBN 978-1-953953-36-0. Roberts was already becoming known as the fastest man in the Pentagon. … And not for nothing was Larry Roberts known as the fastest man in the Pentagon. By the time they got to the airport, the decision had been made …. Once again, the fastest man in the Pentagon made his decision without hesitation
  251. ^ Jump up to:a b “Shapiro: Computer Network Meeting of October 9–10, 1967”. stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015.
  252. ^ “Computer Pioneers – Donald W. Davies”. IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved 2020-02-20. In 1965, Davies pioneered new concepts for computer communications in a form to which he gave the name “packet switching.” … The design of the ARPA network (ArpaNet) was entirely changed to adopt this technique.
  253. ^ “Pioneer: Donald Davies”, Internet Hall of Fame “America’s Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA), and the ARPANET received his network design enthusiastically and the NPL local network became the first two computer networks in the world using the technique.”
  254. ^ Isaacson, Walter (2014). The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. Simon and Schuster. p. 246. ISBN 9781476708690.
  255. ^ Davies, D. W. (1966). “Proposal for a Digital Communication Network” (PDF). p. 10, 16.
  256. ^ Heart, F.; McKenzie, A.; McQuillian, J.; Walden, D. (January 4, 1978). Arpanet Completion Report (PDF) (Technical report). Burlington, MA: Bolt, Beranek and Newman. pp. III-40-1
  257. ^ “SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings). [1967]”. web.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-08-10. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  258. ^ Hafner & Lyon 1996
  259. ^ Jump up to:a b Abbate, Janet (2000). Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 39, 57–58. ISBN 978-0-2625-1115-5. Baran proposed a “distributed adaptive message-block network” [in the early 1960s] … Roberts recruited Baran to advise the ARPANET planning group on distributed communications and packet switching. … Roberts awarded a contract to Leonard Kleinrock of UCLA to create theoretical models of the network and to analyze its actual performance.
  260. ^ Summary of ARPA ad hoc meeting, November 3, 1967, We propose that a working group of approximately four people devote some concentrated effort in the near future in defining the IMP precisely. This group would interact with the larger group from the earlier meetings from time to time. Tentatively we think that the core of this investigatory group would be Bhushan (MIT), Kleinrock (UCLA), Shapiro (SRI) and Westervelt (University of Michigan), along with a kibitzer’s group, consisting of such people as Baran (Rand), Boehm (Rand), Culler (UCSB) and Roberts (ARPA).
  261. ^ Judy O’Neill (1990), Oral history interview with Paul Baran, Charles Babbage Institute, hdl:11299/107101, BARAN: On Tuesday, 31 October 1967 I see a notation 9:30 AM to 2:00 PM for ARPA’s (Elmer) Shapiro, (Barry) Boehm, (Len) Kleinrock, ARPA Network. On Monday, 13 November 1967 I see the following: Larry Roberts to abt (about?) lunch (time?). Art Bushkin = 1:00 PM. Here. Larry Roberts IMP Committee. On Thursday, 16 November 1967 I see 7 PM Kleinrock, UCLA – IMP Meeting.
  262. ^ Meeting of the ARPA Computer Network Working Group at UCLA, November 16, 1967
  263. ^ Jump up to:a b Hafner & Lyon 1996, pp. 116, 149
  264. ^ Pelkey, James L. “6.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969”. Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988. Kahn, the principal architect
  265. ^ Jump up to:a b Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). “The Evolution of Packet Switching” (PDF). IEEE Invited Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2017. Significant aspects of the network’s internal operation, such as routing, flow control, software design, and network control were developed by a BBN team consisting of Frank Heart, Robert Kahn, Severo Omstein, William Crowther, and David Walden
  266. ^ Jump up to:a b F.E. Froehlich, A. Kent (1990). The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 1 – Access Charges in the U.S.A. to Basics of Digital Communications. CRC Press. p. 344. ISBN 0824729005. Although there was considerable technical interchange between the NPL group and those who designed and implemented the ARPANET, the NPL Data Network effort appears to have had little fundamental impact on the design of ARPANET. Such major aspects of the NPL Data Network design as the standard network interface, the routing algorithm, and the software structure of the switching node were largely ignored by the ARPANET designers. There is no doubt, however, that in many less fundamental ways the NPL Data Network had and effect on the design and evolution of the ARPANET.
  267. ^ RFC 334
  268. ^ RFC 53
  269. ^ Heart, F.; McKenzie, A.; McQuillian, J.; Walden, D. (January 4, 1978). Arpanet Completion Report (PDF) (Technical report). Burlington, MA: Bolt, Beranek and Newman. p. III-63.
  270. ^ Jump up to:a b c Clarke, Peter (1982). Packet and circuit-switched data networks (PDF) (PhD thesis). Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London. “Many of the theoretical studies of the performance and design of the ARPA Network were developments of earlier work by Kleinrock … Although these works concerned message switching networks, they were the basis for a lot of the ARPA network investigations … The intention of the work of Kleinrock [in 1961] was to analyse the performance of store and forward networks … Kleinrock [in 1970] extended the theoretical approaches of [his 1961 work] to the early ARPA network.”
  271. ^ Abbate, Janet (1999). Inventing the Internet. Internet Archive. MIT Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-262-01172-3. On Kleinrock’s influence, see Frank, Kahn, and Kleinrock 1972, p. 265; Tanenbaum 1989, p. 631.
  272. ^ Davies, Donald Watts (1979). Computer networks and their protocols. Internet Archive. Wiley. pp. See page refs highlighted at url. ISBN 978-0-471-99750-4.
  273. ^ Kleinrock, L. (1978). “Principles and lessons in packet communications”. Proceedings of the IEEE. 66 (11): 1320–1329. doi:10.1109/PROC.1978.11143. ISSN 0018-9219.
  274. ^ Pelkey, James. “8.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972”. Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988.
  275. ^ Hafner & Lyon 1996, p. 222
  276. ^ Pelkey, James. “8.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1973-1976”. Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988. Arpanet had its deficiencies, however, for it was neither a true datagram network nor did it provide end-to-end error correction.
  277. ^ Pouzin, Louis (May 1975). “An integrated approach to network protocols”. Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1975, national computer conference and exposition on – AFIPS ’75. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 701–707. doi:10.1145/1499949.1500100. ISBN 978-1-4503-7919-9. S2CID 1689917.
  278. ^ Jump up to:a b Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978). “The Evolution of Packet Switching” (PDF). IEEE Invited Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 31, 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  279. ^ Abbate, Janet (2000). Inventing the Internet. MIT Press. pp. 124–127. ISBN 978-0-262-51115-5. In fact, CYCLADES, unlike ARPANET, had been explicitly designed to facilitate internetworking; it could, for instance, handle varying formats and varying levels of service
  280. ^ Kim, Byung-Keun (2005). Internationalising the Internet the Co-evolution of Influence and Technology. Edward Elgar. pp. 51–55. ISBN 1845426754. In addition to the NPL Network and the ARPANET, CYCLADES, an academic and research experimental network, also played an important role in the development of computer networking technologies
  281. ^ Bennett, Richard (September 2009). “Designed for Change: End-to-End Arguments, Internet Innovation, and the Net Neutrality Debate” (PDF). Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. pp. 7, 11. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  282. ^ “The internet’s fifth man”. The Economist. 2013-11-30. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2020-04-22. In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet.
  283. ^ Moschovitis 1999, p. 78-9
  284. ^ Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974). “A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication” (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Communications. 22 (5): 637–648. doi:10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259. ISSN 1558-0857. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-10. The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.
  285. ^ Cerf, Vinton; Dalal, Yogen; Sunshine, Carl (December 1974). Specification of Internet Transmission Control Protocol. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC0675. RFC 675.
  286. ^ Postel, Jon (August 29, 1979). “Comparison of X.25 and TCP Version 4 as Cable-bus Network Protocols” (PDF).
  287. ^ Camrass, R.; Gallager, R. (1978). “Encoding message lengths for data transmission (Corresp.)”. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 24 (4): 495–496. doi:10.1109/TIT.1978.1055910. ISSN 0018-9448.
  288. ^ “Reflections on an Internet pioneer: Roger Camrass”. stories.clare.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-07-01.
  289. ^ Cerf, Vinton G.; Postel, Jon (August 18, 1977). “Specification of Internetwork Transmission Program: TCP Verison 3” (PDF). p. iii, 75-87.
  290. ^ Postel, Jon (September 1978). “Specification of Internetwork Transmission Control Protocol: TCP Version 4” (PDF). pp. iii, 85–97.
  291. ^ Cerf, Vinton G. (1 April 1980). “Final Report of the Stanford University TCP Project”.
  292. ^ Moschovitis 1999, p. 78-9
  293. ^ “ISI Names Dr. Paul Mockapetris Visiting Scholar” Archived 2012-08-26 at the Wayback Machine, Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, 27 March 2003
  294. ^ “Congestion avoidance and control”, Van Jacobson, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review – Special twenty-fifth anniversary issue, Highlights from 25 years of the Computer Communication Review, Volume 25 Issue 1, Jan. 1995, pp.157-187
  295. ^ Andrew L. Russell (30 July 2013). “OSI: The Internet That Wasn’t”. IEEE Spectrum. Vol. 50, no. 8.
  296. ^ Russell, Andrew L. “Rough Consensus and Running Code’ and the Internet-OSI Standards War” (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-11-17.
  297. ^ Davies, Howard; Bressan, Beatrice (2010). “The Protocol Wars”. A History of International Research Networking: The People who Made it Happen. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 106–110. ISBN 978-3-527-32710-2.
  298. ^ “Leonard Kleinrock”. Internet Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  299. ^ Davies, Donald Watts (1979). Computer networks and their protocols. Internet Archive. Wiley. pp. See page refs highlighted at url. ISBN 978-0-471-99750-4. In mathematical modelling use is made of the theories of queueing processes and of flows in networks, describing the performance of the network in a set of equations. … The analytic method has been used with success by Kleinrock and others, but only if important simplifying assumptions are made. … It is heartening in Kleinrock’s work to see the good correspondence achieved between the results of analytic methods and those of simulation.
  300. ^ Davies, Donald Watts (1979). Computer networks and their protocols. Internet Archive. Wiley. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-471-99750-4. Hierarchical addressing systems for network routing have been proposed by Fultz and, in greater detail, by McQuillan. A recent very full analysis may be found in Kleinrock and Kamoun.
  301. ^ Feldmann, Anja; Cittadini, Luca; Mühlbauer, Wolfgang; Bush, Randy; Maennel, Olaf (2009). “HAIR: Hierarchical architecture for internet routing” (PDF). Proceedings of the 2009 workshop on Re-architecting the internet. ReArch ’09. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 43–48. doi:10.1145/1658978.1658990. ISBN 978-1-60558-749-3. S2CID 2930578. The hierarchical approach is further motivated by theoretical results (e.g., [16]) which show that, by optimally placing separators, i.e., elements that connect levels in the hierarchy, tremendous gain can be achieved in terms of both routing table size and update message churn. … [16] KLEINROCK, L., AND KAMOUN, F. Hierarchical routing for large networks: Performance evaluation and optimization. Computer Networks (1977).
  302. ^ “Leonard Kleinrock”. Internet Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  303. ^ “Kleinrock (Leonard) papers”. oac.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  304. ^ Abbate, Janet (1999). Inventing the Internet. Internet Archive. MIT Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-262-01172-3.
  305. ^ Hayward, G.; Gottlieb, A.; Jain, S.; Mahoney, D. (October 1987). “CMOS VLSI Applications in Broadband Circuit Switching”. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 5 (8): 1231–1241. doi:10.1109/JSAC.1987.1146652. ISSN 1558-0008.
  306. ^ Hui, J.; Arthurs, E. (October 1987). “A Broadband Packet Switch for Integrated Transport”. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 5 (8): 1264–1273. doi:10.1109/JSAC.1987.1146650. ISSN 1558-0008.
  307. ^ Gibson, Jerry D. (2018). The Communications Handbook. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420041163.
  308. ^ Kirstein, Peter T. (2009). “The early history of packet switching in the UK”. IEEE Communications Magazine. 47 (2): 18–26. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2009.4785372. S2CID 34735326. It is more difficult to establish at this time, however, whether Larry intended to switch the fragments as independent packets in the ARPAnet before he heard of the NPL work; certainly he now claims that this was always his intention.
  309. ^ technicshistory (2019-06-02). “ARPANET, Part 2: The Packet”. Creatures of Thought. Retrieved 2024-06-21. The above description of how packet-switching came to be is the most widely-accepted one. However, there is an alternative version. Roberts claimed in later years that by the time of the Gatlinburg symposium, he already had the basic concepts of packet-switching well in mind, and that they originated with his old colleague Len Kleinrock, who had written about them as early as 1962, as part of his Ph.D. research on communication nets. It requires a great deal of squinting to extract anything resembling packet-switching from Kleinrock’s work, however, and no other contemporary textual evidence that I have come across backs the Kleinrock/Roberts account.
  310. ^ Barry M. Leiner, Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Larry G. Roberts, Stephen Wolff (1997), Brief History of the Internet, Internet Society
  311. ^ Jump up to:a b Katie Hafner (November 8, 2001), “A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers”, New York Times, The Internet is really the work of a thousand people,” Mr. Baran said. “And of all the stories about what different people have done, all the pieces fit together. It’s just this one little case that seems to be an aberration.
  312. ^ UCLA Computer Science Dept. “Leonard Kleinrock, Professor (archived)”. UCLA Computer Science Dept. Archived from the original on Feb 27, 2004. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  313. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Isaacson, Walter (2014). The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. Simon & Schuster. pp. 244–6. ISBN 9781476708690.
  314. ^ Donald W. Davies (2001), “An Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching”, The Computer Journal, I can find no evidence that he understood the principles of packet switching.
  315. ^ Jump up to:a b Harris, Trevor, University of Wales (2009). Pasadeos, Yorgo (ed.). “Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies”. Variety in Mass Communication Research. ATINER: 123–134. ISBN 978-960-6672-46-0. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Leonard Kleinrock and Lawrence (Larry) Roberts, neither of whom were directly involved in the invention of packet switching … Dr Willis H. Ware, Senior Computer Scientist and Research at the RAND Corporation, notes that Davies (and others) were troubled by what they regarded as in appropriate claims on the invention of packet switching
  316. ^ Judy O’Neill (12 March 1990), Oral history interview with William Crowther, hdl:11299/107235, …there were all sorts of crazy ideas about, and most of them didn’t make any sense. There was this ‘hot potato’ routing which somebody was advocating, which was just crazy.
  317. ^ Alex McKenzie (2009), Comments on Dr. Leonard Kleinrock’s claim to be “the Father of Modern Data Networking”, retrieved April 23, 2015
  318. ^ Robert Taylor (November 22, 2001), “Birthing the Internet: Letters From the Delivery Room; Disputing a Claim”, New York Times
  319. ^ Leonard Kleinrock, Leonard Kleinrock – UCLA Dept. of Computer Science, archived from the original on December 5, 2023, He developed the mathematical theory of data networks, the technology underpinning the Internet, while a graduate student at MIT in the period from 1960-1962. In that work, he also modeled the packetization of messages and solved for a key performance gain that packetization provides.
  320. ^ Jump up to:a b “Letters to the editor”, IEEE Communications, February 2011, doi:10.1109/MCOM.2011.5706298
  321. ^ Haughney Dare-Bryan, Christine (June 22, 2023). Computer Freaks (Podcast). Chapter Two: In the Air. Inc. Magazine.
  322. ^ Norberg, Arthur L.; O’Neill, Judy E. (1996). Transforming computer technology: information processing for the Pentagon, 1962-1986. Johns Hopkins studies in the history of technology New series. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. pp. 153–196. ISBN 978-0-8018-5152-0. Prominently cites Baran and Davies as sources of inspiration, and nowhere mentions Kleinrock’s work.
  323. ^ A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade (PDF) (Report). Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981. pp. 13, 53 of 183. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Aside from the technical problems of interconnecting computers with communications circuits, the notion of computer networks had been considered in a number of places from a theoretical point of view. Of particular note was work done by Paul Baran and others at the Rand Corporation in a study “On Distributed Communications” in the early 1960’s. Also of note was work done by Donald Davies and others at the National Physical Laboratory in England in the mid-1960’s. … Another early major network development which affected development of the ARPANET was undertaken at the National Physical Laboratory in Middlesex, England, under the leadership of D. W. Davies.
  324. ^ “Leonard Kleinrock”. UCLA Samueli School Of Engineering. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  325. ^ Russell, Andrew (2012). Histories of Networking vs. the History of the Internet (PDF). 2012 SIGCIS Workshop. p. 6.
  326. ^ Jump up to:a b X.25 Virtual Circuits – TRANSPAC in France – Pre-Internet Data Networking, doi:10.1109/MCOM.2010.5621965, S2CID 23639680
  327. ^ Pildush, G. “Interview with the author (of an MPLS-based VPN article)”. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29.
  328. ^ Yates, David M. (1997). Turing’s Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995. National Museum of Science and Industry. pp. 132–34. ISBN 978-0-901805-94-2. Davies’s invention of packet switching and design of computer communication networks … were a cornerstone of the development which led to the Internet
  329. ^ Feder, Barnaby J. (2000-06-04). “Donald W. Davies, 75, Dies; Helped Refine Data Networks”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-01-10. Donald W. Davies, who proposed a method for transmitting data that made the Internet possible
  330. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim (1999), Weaving the Web: The Past, Present and Future of the World Wide Web by its Inventor, London: Orion, p. 7, ISBN 0-75282-090-7 “The advances by Donald Davies, by Paul Baran, and by Vint Cerf, Bob Khan and colleagues had already happened in the 1970s but were only just becoming pervasive.”
  331. ^ Harris, Trevor, University of Wales (2009). Pasadeos, Yorgo (ed.). “Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies”. Variety in Mass Communication Research. ATINER: 123–134. ISBN 978-960-6672-46-0. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022.
  332. ^ Archives, L. A. Times (2000-06-03). “Donald W. Davies; Work Led to the Internet”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
  333. ^ “Treorchy internet pioneer Donald Davies honoured”. BBC News. 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2024-07-01. [Davies] is widely known in America which continued his computer work
  334. ^ Jump up to:a b Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). “The Evolution of Packet Switching” (PDF). IEEE Invited Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2017. In nearly all respects, Davies’ original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today.
  335. ^ Moore, Roger D. (August 2006). “This is a temporary index for a collection of papers about packet-switching in the 1970s”. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  336. ^ Kirstein, Peter T. (1973). “A SURVEY OF PRESENT AMD PLANNED GENERAL PURPOSE EUROPEAN DATA AND COMPUTER NETWORKS”. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  337. ^ National Research Council (U.S.). National Research Network Review Committee, Leonard Kleinrock; et al. (1988). Toward a National Research Network. National Academies. p. 40. ISBN 9780309581257.
  338. ^ “A SURVEY OF THE CAPABILITIES OF 8 PACKET SWITCHING NETWORKS”. 1975. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017. Research in packet switching networks at the British National Physical Laboratory (NPL) predates ARPANET, having commenced in 1966.
  339. ^ Taylor, Steve; Jim Metzler (2008). “Vint Cerf on why TCP/IP was so long in coming”. Archived from the original on 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
  340. ^ Jump up to:a b Oppenheimer, Alan (January 2004). “A History of Macintosh Networking”. MacWorld Expo. Archived from the original on 2006-10-16.
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  478. ^ D. Waitzman (April 1, 1990). A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams on Avian Carriers. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1149. RFC 1149. Experimental. This is an April Fools’ Day Request for Comments.
  479. ^ B. Carpenter; R. Hinden (April 1, 2011). Adaptation of RFC 1149 for IPv6. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6214. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6214. Informational. This is an April Fools’ Day Request for Comments.
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  481. ^ Jump up to:a b F. Baker, ed. (June 1995). Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1812. RFC 1812. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 1716 and 1009. Updated by RFC 2644 and 6633.
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  502. ^ B. Carpenter, ed. (June 1996). Architectural Principles of the Internet. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1958. RFC 1958. Informational. Updated by RFC 3439.
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  516. ^ Jump up to:a b R. Bush; D. Meyer (December 2002). Some Internet Architectural Guidelines and Philosophy. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3439. RFC 3439. Informational. Updates RFC 1958.